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Advaita Vedanta is one of the most exquisite
and influential schools of philosophy in the Hindu tradition.
The word “Advaita” means “non-duality”,
and Vedanta means “the end of the Veda”,
referring to the ultimate teachings of the Upanishads.
The Essence of Advaita Vedanta,
Non-duality holds that:
There is only one absolute reality – Brahman, which is unlimited, pure consciousness (cit), pure existence (sat), and nondual bliss (ananda).
The phenomenal world is an illusion (maya), unreal in itself, being only a temporary projection of the mind and perception.
The Atman (the individual Self) is no different from Brahman.
Basic Mahavakia:
“Tat tvam like this” –
“You are the One (Brahman)”
(Chāndogya Upaniṣad 6.8.7)
The Great Masters of Advaita Vedānta:
Śaṅkara (Adi Śaṅkarācārya) – the classical systematizer of the school;
he wrote essential commentaries on the Upaniṣade, the Bhagavad Gītā, and the Brahma Sutra.
Gaudapāda – teacher of Govindapāda (master of Shankara),
author Maṇḍukya Karika, in which he states that the world is an illusion
and only consciousness remains.
Key principles:
“Brahman is real (satyam)”
“The world is illusory (mithya)”.
“The Atman is identical with Brahman.”
This perspective is based on:
Neti neti (“not this, not this”) – the method of rejecting all misidentifications in order to reach the ultimate reality.
Viveka – the discernment between the real and the unreal.
Vairagya – detachment from what is fleeting.
Śravaṇa, Manana, Nididhyāsana – listening to the teachings, reflecting on them and deep meditation for direct realization.
The final experience:
When the illusion disappears through jnana (direct knowledge), only Brahman remains.
There is no longer a duality between subject and object, knowing and known.
This realization is called mokṣa – liberation
from the cycle of birth and death (saṃsāra),
by knowing the identity between the Self and the Absolute.
Acharya Leonard Radutz